The co-occurrence of dyslexia and ADHD

And how it impacts on literacy

October marks Dyslexia and ADHD Awareness Month, a time dedicated to highlighting neurodiversity and learning differences.

Interestingly, it is estimated 20-40% of children with dyslexia have co-occurring Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and up to 50% of children with ADHD are likely to have co-occurring dyslexia. While these two conditions do not cause each other, if one is present there is a higher-than-average chance of having the other.

Why is this co-occurrence so common?

Both ADHD and dyslexia impact cognitive processes essential for reading. The International Dyslexia Association defines dyslexia as a specific learning disability characterised by difficulties in word reading and/or spelling that involve accuracy, speed, or both. ADHD impacts reading primarily through executive function deficits, attention regulation, and working memory limits 

We know that attention and engagement are critical for effective learning. Considering the impact of an attention disorder (ADHD) on learning, and its common occurrence with dyslexia, it can be difficult to work out what is causing a child's learning difficulties... Is it an inability to focus and sustain attention or is it a problem processing sounds, letters and words making the child's behaviour change? While a child may seem distracted, dreamy, lazy or naughty, the truth is that staying engaged in learning tasks can be very challenging for children with ADHD and for those with dyslexia. It is even more challenging when a child has both conditions.

Which literacy challenge is which?

So, what are the challenges a child with dyslexia or ADHD face when learning to read and write?

While dysfluent reading is common for both, the child with dyslexia misreads words while the child with ADHD is likely to skip over punctuation, leave off endings, and lose their place. In both instances this can affect comprehension, and avoidance of reading is common for both.

When it comes to writing, poor handwriting and difficulties with organisation and proofreading are common for both, as well as poor spelling and grammar for those with dyslexia.

Children with dyslexia and ADHD may be underachieving in school even though they are often bright and motivated. Our role as parents, educators and health professionals is to help tease apart these two conditions so that the appropriate supports and interventions can be put in place to help these children reach their true potential.

Need a little more?

The IDA have a succinct summary of ADHD and dyslexia HERE. 
A 2025 study on co-occurrence and causality among ADHD, dyslexia, and dyscalculia can be found HERE 
And if you’re looking for the 2025 updated definition of dyslexia, you can learn more HERE